Here is the list of biologically active substances of fungal or bacterial origin, that can appear in the ambient air with their volatility. They can be metabolites, secondary metabolites, alkaloids or other products of bacterial, fungal activities in the environment.
Biochemicals
Substances that can be as a byproducts of bio-activity, like metabilites
Mycotoxins
Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 instrumental quantitative identification is based on Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) using a UV-absorbing Ionic Liquid Matrix (ILMs) to obtain “matrix-free” mass spectra and enhance sensitivity via Na+ cationization.
The level of detection (LOD) of 5*10-14 mol or 50 fmol can be achieved with using ionic alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (Et3N-alpha-CHCA) as the matrix.
Aflatoxins B1
AFB1
1162-65-8
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 312.27 g/mol
Instruments: Thin-layer Chromatography with Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectrometric Detection; HPLC
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
Neurotoxin
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Aspergillus flavus
A. parasiticus
.....................................................
.....................................................
Aflatoxins B2
Dihydroaflatoxin B1
7220-81-7
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 314.29 g/mol
Instruments: MALDI TOF MS UV ILM
HPLC
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
Neurotoxin
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Aspergillus nomiae
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
.....................................................
.....................................................
The possible exposure roots for Aflatoxins are oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs).
MALDI TOF MS UV ILM - Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) using a UV-absorbing Ionic Liquid Matrix (ILMs) to obtain "matrix-free" mass spectra and addition of NaCl to enhance sensitivity via Na+ cationization.
Aflatoxin G1
Aflatoxin, crude
1402-68-2
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 328.27 g/mol
Instruments: Thin-layer Chromatography with Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectrometric Detection; HPLC
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
Neurotoxin
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
A. flavus,
A. parasiticus,
A. nomius,
A. pseudotamarii,
A. bombycis,
A. ochraceoroseus,
A. australis
.....................................................
.....................................................
Aflatoxin G2
Dihydroaflatoxin G1
7241-98-7
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 330.29 g/mol
Instruments: MALDI TOF MS UV ILM
HPLC
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
Neurotoxin
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
A. flavus,
A. parasiticus,
A. nomius,
A. pseudotamarii,
A. bombycis,
A. ochraceoroseus,
A. australis
.....................................................
.....................................................
Aflatoxin M1
4-Hydroxyaflatoxin B1
6795-23-9
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 328.27 g/mol
Instruments: HPLC
MALDI TOF MS UV ILM
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
Neurotoxin
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
A. flavus
A. parasiticus
.....................................................
.....................................................
Ochratoxin A
Phenylalanine
303-47-9
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 403.8 g/mol
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh,
A. sulphureus,
A. melleus,
Penicillium viridicatum Westling,
P. verrucosum
.....................................................
.....................................................
The possible exposure to Zearalenone causes Genotoxicity, which is characterized by a DNA fragmentation, Chromosome Aberrations, and DNA Adduct formation
Zearalenone
Mycotoxin F2
Zenone
17924-92-4
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 318.4 g/mol
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
Genotoxicity
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium equiseti,
some Giberella species
.....................................................
.....................................................
Lipopolysaccharides
Endotoxin
Bacterial Pyrogen
872-05-9
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 5227 g/mol
Instruments/Method: Amebocyte Lysate Assays
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Endotoxin
Bacterial Pyrogen
872-05-9
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 5227 g/mol
Instruments/Method: Amebocyte Lysate Assays
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Terpenes
Terpenes with the basic cyclic molecule structure C5H8R represents a wide category of unsaturated volatile organic hydrocarbones present in essential oils of different plants with aromatic properties, and most common for conifers and citrus trees.
The following groups of terpenoids are identified as:
Acyclic Terpenoids: with an open structure.
Monocyclic Terpenoids: 1 ring in the structure
Bicyclic Terpenoids: 2 rings in the structure.
Tricyclic Terpenoids: 3 rings in the structure.
Tetracyclic Terpenoids: 4 rings in the structure.
Isoprene
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
78-79-5
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 68.12 g/mol
Boiling Point: 34.07 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
- BSOA from Deciduous Forests
- Polymers
- Rubber
- Elastomers
- Epoxy Hardeners
- Cements, adhesives, electrical insulating tapes and cable wrapping
.....................................................
.....................................................
alpha-PINENE
2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene
80-56-8
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 136.23 g/mol
Boiling Point: 156 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
- BSOA from Coniferous Forests
- Air Freshener
- Fragrance
- Flavouring
.....................................................
.....................................................
Linalool
Phantol
DIABEXALL
78-70-6
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 154.25 g/mol
Boiling Point: 198 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
- Arts & Crafts
- Cleaning Products
- Biocides
.....................................................
.....................................................
Caryophyllene
β-Caryophyllene
87-44-5
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 204.35 g/mol
Boiling Point: 275 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
- Construction Buildings
- Solvent
- Hobby/Craft
- Home Maintenance
- Inside the Home
- Pesticides
.....................................................
.....................................................
BSOA - biogenic secondary organic aerosols
BVOC - biogenic volatile organic compounds
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compaunds (BVOC)
Hexenal
alpha.beta-Hexylenaldehyd
hex-2-enal
1335-39-3
Molecular Weight: 98.14 g/mol
Boiling Point: 129 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Metabolite
Flavouring
.....................................................
.....................................................
Pinic acid
2-Methyl-13-(carboxymethyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid,3-butadiene
473-73-4
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 186.20 g/mol
Boiling Point: ~54 °C
Instruments:
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
- Precursor for biogenic aerosol formations
.....................................................
.....................................................
2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol
Methylbutenol
115-18-4
………………………………….
Molecular Weight: 86.13 g/mol
Boiling Point: 97-99 °C
Instruments: GC
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
- Flavouring Agent
- Pesticides
.....................................................
.....................................................
Phenylacetaldehyde
Hyacinthin
122-78-1
Molecular Weight: 120.15 g/mol
Boiling Point: 195 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Metabolite
.....................................................
.....................................................
Grass Leaf Volatiles (GLV)
3-Hexenal, (3Z)-
cis-3-Hexenal
6789-80-6
Molecular Weight: 98.14 g/mol
Boiling Point: 20 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Metabolite
GLV
Flavouring Agent
.....................................................
.....................................................
trans-2-Hexenal
Leaf Aldehyde
(E)-Hex-2-enal
6728-26-3
Molecular Weight: 98.14 g/mol
Boiling Point: 146 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Metabolite
GLV
Flavouring Agent
.....................................................
.....................................................
(Z)-3-hexenol
Leaf Alcohol
Blatteralkohol
544-12-7
Molecular Weight: 100.16 g/mol
Boiling Point: 156-157 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Metabolite
GLV
Flavouring Agent
Grassy-green odour
Insect Attractant
.....................................................
.....................................................
(E)-2-hexenol
trans-2-Hexenol
2-Hexen-1-OL
2305-21-7
Molecular Weight: 100.16 g/mol
Boiling Point: 158-160 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Metabolite
GLV
Air Freshener
.....................................................
.....................................................
n-Hexanol
1-Hexanol
Hexyl alcohol
111-27-3
Molecular Weight: 102.17 g/mol
Boiling Point: 157 °C
Instruments: GC
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Metabolite
GLV
Air Freshener
Antifoaming
.....................................................
.....................................................
3-Hexenylacetate
cis-3-Hexenol acetate
3681-71-8
Molecular Weight: 142.20 g/mol
Boiling Point: 75-76 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Metabolite
GLV
Cleaning
Air Freshener
.....................................................
.....................................................
Methyl Salicylate
Analgit
Gaultheriaoel
Wintergruenoel
7631-93-8
Molecular Weight: 152.15 g/mol
Boiling Point: 220-224 °C
Instruments: GC
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Metabolite
GLV
Flavouring Agent
Insect Attractant
.....................................................
.....................................................
Jasmonic Acid
3-Oxo-2-(2-pentenyl)cyclopentaneacetic acid
6894-38-8
Molecular Weight: 210.27 g/mol
Boiling Point: 160 °C
Instruments: GC-MS
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
ND
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
ND
Metabolite
GLV
Growth Inhibitor
.....................................................
.....................................................
NSD - nitrogen selective detector
HPLC - high-performance liquid chromatographic method
